515 
C77 


THE  FALLACY  OF  THE 

GERMAN 
STATE  PHILOSOPHY 


DR.  GEORGE  W.  CRILE 


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THE  FALLACY  OF  THE  GERMAN 
STATE  PHILOSOPHY 


BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR 

Surgical  Shock 

Surgery  of  Respiratory  System 

Certain  Problems  Relating  to 
Surgical  Operations 

On  the  Blood  Pressure  in  Sur- 
gery 

Hemorrhage  and  Transfusion 

Anemia  and  Resuscitation 

Anoci-Association 

A  Mechanistic  View  of  War  and 
Peace 

The  Origin  and  Nature  op  the 
Emotions 

Man,  An  Adaptive  Mechanism 

The  Kinetic  Drive 

Notes  on  Military  Surgery 


THE  FALLACY 

OF  THE 

GERMAN  STATE 
PHILOSOPHY 


BY 
GEORGE  W./CRILE 


^ttfiXSM^J 


Garden  City  New  York 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 

1918 


ojjy 


Copyrighty  1918,  by 
DouBLEDAY,  Page  &  Company 

All  rights  reserved,  including  that  of 

translation  into  foreign  languages, 

including  the  Scandinavian 


M^ 


To 
Sir  Berkelbt  Moynihan 


fvi23952a 


THE  FALLACY  OF  THE  GERMAN 
STATE  PHH^OSOPHY 


THE  FALLACY  OF 

THE  GERMAN  STATE 

PHILOSOPHY 

We  are  in  war,  but  war  is  only  a 
part  of  what  we  are  in;  we  are  in  a 
revolution  of  the  moral,  social, 
educational,  and  political  systems 
of  the  great  human  race.  War  is 
the  expression  of  but  one  phase  of 
this  fateful  revolution.  If  we  are 
to  survive  and  remain  free,  we 
must  accurately  value  our  own 
creed  and  the  creed  of  our  enemy, 
to  the  end  that  we  may  strengthen 
the  foundation  and  augment  the 
superstructure  of  our  civilization. 
9 


4    '      ' •  FALLACY   OF 

Our  enemy  is  guided  by  a  de- 
finite and  a  published  philosophy. 
We  must  therefore  establish  and 
publish  our  own  philosophy. 
We  must  examine  the  validity  of 
the  principles  for  which  we  are 
contending,  as  well  as  of  those 
against  which  we  are  contend- 
ing. We  must  know  the  truth — 
are  we  right,  or  is  our  enemy 
right?  Is  there  a  flaw  in  the 
premises  of  the  German  State 
philosophy? 

Through  the  schools  and  through 
the  universities  the  ideas  of  the 
German  philosophers,  of  Nietzsche 
and  of  Treitschke,  in  particular, 
have  created  a  state  of  mind 
peculiar  to  Germany.  This  state 
of  mind,  in  which  religious  elements 
are  combined  with  biologic  con- 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  5 

cepts,  is  the  result,  in  part,  of  the 
implantation  of  the  seeds  of  Dar- 
win's theory  of  the  survival  of  the 
fittest,  in  the  struggle  for  existence, 
upon  the  intensely  religious  Ger- 
man mind. 

The  German  adaptation  of  Dar- 
win's conception  may  be  expressed 
as  follows :  In  nature  the  strongest 
and  the  most  clever  species  of 
animal  is  best  adapted  for  existence, 
hence  that  species  survives  and  its 
competitors  perish.  German  phi- 
losophy assumes  that,  among  the 
peoples  of  the  earth,  the  Germans, 
collectively  and  individually,  are 
the  strongest  and  the  most  clever. 
They  conclude,  therefore,  that  the 
German  people  are  the  fittest  to 
survive;  and  that  they,  therefore, 
have  the  right  to  exercise  their 


6  FALLACY   OF 

higher  survival  qualities.  In  the  ex- 
ercise of  this  right  they  conclude 
that  they  are  entitled  to  take  from 
other  nations,  by  methods  of  peace 
or  of  war,  their  land,  their  wealth, 
their  very  existence  itself,  since  this 
is  the  logical  right  of  the  fittest 
animal  engaged  in  the  struggle  for 
survival.  The  German  State  phi- 
losophy not  only  assumes  the  right 
but  holds  it  as  a  duty  to  thus 
extend  dominion  by  force  over 
other  people.  Comparing  the  mi- 
grated German  individual  with 
individuals  of  other  stock,  we  hold 
that  the  efiiciency  of  the  German 
State  is  not  the  result  of  any 
superiority  of  the  German  stock 
to  the  Anglo-Saxon  or  to  the 
Latin  stock,  but  that  it  is  due  to 
the  establishment  of  an   organi- 


GERMAN   PHILOSOPHY  7 

zation  in  which,  by  a  type  of 
collective  effort,  the  individual,  to 
a  greater  degree  than  is  true  of  the 
individual  in  any  other  State, 
has  given  up  his  initiative — ^his 
will — to  the  State,  which  has  been 
governed  by  an  able  and  an  honest 
ruling  class.  In  other  words, 
Germany  has  established  what  she 
calls  a  kultur,  by  means  of  which 
a  superior  State  has  been  created 
out  of  good  average  human  beings. 
Therefore,  when  the  Germans 
speak  of  their  rights  as  those  of 
the  fittest,  they  refer  to  their 
State  rather  than  to  the  individuals 
of  that  State. 

For  the  purpose  of  our  argu- 
ment, let  us  accept  the  German 
premise  that,  at  this  period  of 
history,  the  German  State  is  the 


8  FALLACY   OF 

most  highly  efBcient — in  agricul- 
ture, in  manufacture,  in  learning, 
in  art,  in  science,  and  in  war. 
Now,  if  in  the  last  analysis  might 
does  give  right,  do  the  inexorable 
laws  of  evolution  apply  to  human 
beings  as  they  apply  to  lower 
animals  and  plants  ?  Is  force  right  ? 
Nothing  but  force  gives  the 
wolf  the  right  to  the  life  of  the 
sheep;  nothing  but  force  gives  the 
sheep  the  right  to  the  grass; 
nothing  but  force  gives  the  grass 
the  right  to  the  soil.  On  the  basis 
of  evolution  alone,  what  gives 
man  the  right  to  take  the  milk 
from  the  cow  or  the  wool  from  the 
sheep?  What  gives  man  the  right 
to  enslave  animals;  to  kill  millions 
of  animals  without  their  consent — 
jaot  for  their  good,  but  for  the 


GERMAN  PHILOSOPHY  9 

good  of  man?  What  gives  man 
the  right  to  occupy  the  earth  so 
completely  to  the  disadvantage 
of  many  other  worthy  animals? 
Force  and  the  ability  to  use  that 
force  to  the  advantage  of  man — 
that  is,  the  exercise  of  man's 
qualities  of  fitness — man's  adapt- 
ability. What  gave  our  fore- 
fathers the  right  to  dispossess  the 
American  Indian  of  a  continent, 
not  for  the  good  of  the  Indians, 
but  for  the  good  of  our  ancestors; 
not  at  the  request  nor  with  the 
consent  of  the  Indian,  but  by  the 
exercise,  on  the  part  of  our  ancest- 
ors, of  greater  fitness  to  survive? 
Within  the  period  of  history  we 
have  seen  weaker  races  yield  to 
stronger,  fitter  races.  There  is 
evidence  that  this  occurred  even 


10  FALLACY   OIP 

more  strikingly  in  prehistoric  ages. 

Does  it,  then,  follow  that  the 
German  State  is  justified  in  exer- 
cising its  superior  fitness  for  sur- 
vival against  its  less  fit  neighbour- 
ing States?  The  German  premise 
is  this — Germany  has  established 
the  fittest  State  for  survival;  Ger- 
many, therefore,  has  the  right  to 
exercise  her  survival  faculties. 

If  this  premise  can  be  proved, 
then  Germany  is  right;  and  this 
premise  will  be  proved  to  be  either 
true  or  false.  It  will  be  proved, 
not  by  theoretic  considerations, 
but  by  the  verdict  of  the  present 
struggle.  If  the  German  wins 
permanently,  then  his  premise  be- 
comes an  established  fact,  and  the 
German  philosophers  are  right. 
The    German    supremacy    would 


GERMAN   PHILOSOPHY  11 

then  be  established,  just  as  one 
species  of  plants  or  animals  estab- 
lishes its  supremacy  over  another 
species  when  it  migrates  into  the 
territory  of  the  other.  Evolution 
has  always  declared  the  victor  to 
be  right,  and  the  present  status  of 
the  numerous  plants  and  animals 
that  now  occupy  the  earth  is 
right,  because  of  the  exercise  of 
their  superior  fitness  to  survive. 

In  the  German  premise,  might 
is  synonymous  with  fitness  to 
survive.  It  is  the  fittest  that 
survives,  and  it  is  true  in  nature 
that,  in  most  instances,  the  fittest 
are  mightiest.  This  is  true  of  most 
plants,  of  most  trees;  it  is  true  of 
most  animals.  But  it  is  equally 
true  that  some  of  the  mightiest 
animals  have  proved  less  fit  in  the 


12  FALLACY   OF 

struggle  than  their  competitors 
with  other  quaHties.  Even  among 
the  lower  animals  might  does  not 
always  win. 

The  German  philosopher,  how- 
ever, may  say  that  intellectual 
might  is  as  important  as  muscular 
might.  This  is  true,  and  if  Ger- 
many loses  the  present  struggle 
it  will  not  be  because  of  a  lack  of 
physical  or  intellectual  force  or  for 
want  of  cooperation  or  sacrifice 
on  the  part  of  her  people,  but  for 
another  reason  equally  potent  and 
based  on  the  same  biologic 
principle. 

Let  us  recall  the  qualities  that 
have  enabled  man  to  struggle 
successfully  with  other  competing 
species.  Compared  with  the  ani- 
mals  over   whom   he   has   estab- 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  13 

lished  his  supremacy,  man  is  not 
so  strong,  he  is  not  so  fleet,  he  is 
not  so  prolific,  he  is  not  so  well 
equipped  with  means  of  defence 
or  with  means  of  offence.  Com- 
pared with  certain  of  these  animals 
he  is  inferior  in  muscular  power, 
in  the  sense  of  smell,  of  hearing, 
of  sight,  of  touch,  and  in  his 
means  of  protection  against  cold 
and  heat  and  rain.  He  is  less 
protected  against  disease  and  he 
is  shorter-lived.  Man  has  no  pro- 
tecting carapace.  He  has  no  re- 
pellent odour.  He  has  no  sharp 
claws  and  no  powerful  teeth.  He 
climbs  a  tree  awkwardly.  He  is 
timid  in  water.  In  each  of  his 
several  physical  qualities  he  is 
outclassed  by  many  animals. 
If  survival  depended  only  upon 


14  FALLACY   OF 

physical  might,  a  band  of  powerful 
gorillas  would  prevail  over  any 
band  of  men,  just  as  the  keen 
senses,  the  powerful  limbs,  the 
prowess  of  the  lion  have  made  him 
the  ruler  over  less  powerfully 
equipped  animals. 

As  the  fierce  struggles  during 
the  evolution  of  animals  progres- 
sed, man  rose  rapidly  through  the 
development  of  his  master  organ 
of  strategy — the  brain — and  the 
evolution  of  his  hands.  In  his 
brain  was  found  the  efficient  sub- 
stitute for  teeth  and  claws,  for 
fleetness  and  for  keen  senses. 

In  time,  the  caveman,  the  bush- 
man,  and  the  tribe  developed. 

Up  to  this  point  there  is  no 
flaw  in  the  German  logic,  for,  up 
to  this  point  the  mightiest  family 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  15 

and  the  mightiest  tribe  were  right. 
These  primitive  ancestors,  how- 
ever, were  able  to  dominate  but 
a  Hmited  environment;  they  barely 
held  their  own  against  many  com- 
peting animals.  In  time  certain 
momentous  developments  in  the 
vast  history  of  man  occurred,  viz. : 
the  discovery  and  control  of  fire, 
the  cultivation  of  useful  plants, 
the  domestication  of  animals,  the 
manufacture  of  simple  tools.  With 
these  advances  there  developed  an 
increasingly  rapid  control  over  the 
forces  of  nature  and  the  human 
race  began  to  multiply  more 
rapidly.  Instead  of  running  away 
or  fighting  with  his  muscles,  man 
learned  more  and  more  how  to 
circumvent  his  enemies.  One  after 
another,    useful    additions    were 


16  FALLACY   OF 

made  to  man's  reactions,  which, 
in  turn,  were  augmented  by  his 
children. 

As  the  means  of  controlHng  the 
forces  of  nature  increased  in  num- 
ber and  as  handicrafts  and  ma- 
chinery became  more  numerous 
and  more  nearly  complete,  as  the 
work  of  man  became  more  special- 
ized and  his  needs  more  complex, 
he  became  increasingly  dependent 
upon  his  fellows.  Gradually  there 
developed  the  most  dominating  of 
all  the  adaptations  of  man — the 
community  adaptation  —  com- 
munity behaviour.  The  primary 
community  reaction  is  cooperation 
through  the  division  of  labour  with 
the  exchange  of  the  products  of 
labour.  This  was  the  origin  of 
justice.    There  could  arise  no  code 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  17 

of  laws  among  naked  fruit-eating 
natives.  With  the  railways  and 
the  telegraph,  with  the  unfolding 
of  physics  and  chemistry,  with  dis- 
covery and  invention,  man  became 
increasingly  dependent  upon  his 
fellow-man,  and  the  principles  of 
justice  and  of  mutual  dependence 
became  correspondingly  intensi- 
fied. 

Thus  it  came  to  pass  that  those 
people  were  fittest  who  became 
the  most  completely  adapted  to 
gregarious  life,  viz.:  those  who 
were  most  truthful  and  honest, 
just  and  diligent. 

Primitive  individualistic  reac- 
tion, nevertheless,  as  against  com- 
munity reaction,  still  appeared;  in 
fact,  it  appears  frequently  even 
now.    This- is  the  origin  of  selfish- 


18  FALLACY   OF 

ness,  of  stealing,  of  killing,  etc. 
The  community  punished  the  in- 
dividualistic —  the  selfish  reac- 
tions through  cooperation,  just 
as  the  community  secures  a  living 
through  cooperation. 

As  an  adaptation  against  the 
strong  individualistic  selfish  re- 
actions, religions  have  been 
evolved.  The  great  success  of  the 
teachings  of  Christ,  of  Buddha,  of 
Mohammed,  of  all  religious  leaders, 
is  due  to  the  fact  that  fairness  and 
honesty  and  justice  are  the  founda- 
tions of  community  prosperity. 
Religions  aim  to  develop  altruism 
in  their  adherents — their  duty  to 
the  race  as  well  as  to  themselves. 
The  greater  the  extent  to  which 
a  people  react  to  the  good  of  the 
race  the  fitter  are  they  to  survive. 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  19 

If  an  individual  unjustly  takes 
through  stealth  or  by  force  what 
belongs  to  his  neighbour,  if  he  slays 
his  neighbour,  a  protective  reaction 
is  awakened  in  the  community 
against  that  individual.  He  is 
isolated  from  his  fellows.  He  may 
even  be  killed  for  the  general  good, 
because  he  is  unfitted  for  the  com- 
munity stage  of  evolution.  But 
he  is  fitted  for  the  life  of  the 
lower  animals,  the  life  of  primitive 
man. 

The  individual  who  is  most  fair 
and  just,  most  useful  to  his  race — 
that  individual  is  most  fitted  to 
survive.  The  successful  domi- 
nance of  the  earth  by  man  is  due 
to  the  fact  that,  through  experi- 
ence, through  religion,  through 
training   by   parents   and   fellow- 


20  FALLACY   OF 

men,  the  majority  of  human  beings 
strive  to  make  the  race  better  and 
to  strengthen  the  bonds  of  social 
cohesion,  or  at  least  they  do  not 
strive  to  destroy  social  cohesion; 

If  nations  are  only  multiples  of 
individuals,  if  what  is  true  of  the 
individual  is  true  of  the  nation, 
then  we  may  find  in  this  a  possible 
flaw  in  the  premises  of  the  German 
State  philosophy.  '  If  the  same 
standard  is  applied  to  the  State 
as  to  the  individual,  then  Germany 
is  less  fit  to  survive  than  many 
other  nations,  because  she  has 
returned  to  the  individualism  of 
the  lower  animals  and  primitive 
man,  reacting  among  the  nations 
as  the  individual  robber  and  the 
individual  murderer  reacts  within 
a  nation.    Therefore,  she  awakens 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  21 

a  protective  reaction  in  other  na- 
tions. Other  nations  must  deal 
with  her  as  a  nation  as  they  deal 
with  individual  robbers  and  mur- 
derers. 

This  individualistic  German  re- 
action interferes  with  the  progress 
of  the  human  race  just  as  the 
robber  and  the  murderer  interfere 
with  local  progress  within  the 
State.  The  individual  is  punished 
so  that  his  neighbour  may  live. 
Unfit  Germany  must  be  punished 
so  that  the  human  race  may  live; 
that,  through  altruism,  it  may 
maintain  and  increase  its  fitness 
to  occupy  the  earth. 

Now  that  Germany  has  put  its 
State  philosophy  in  the  crucible, 
she  finds  that  the  world  is  against 
her.    The  nations  are  opposed  to 


22  FALLACY   OF 

Germany  for  the  same  reason 
that  the  individuals  of  a  com- 
munity are  opposed  to  a  robber 
and  a  murderer.  Germany  is 
attempting  to  impose  upon  the 
world  by  force  an  altruism,  for 
herself  alone,  based  on  force, 
against  an  altruism,  for  the  entire 
human  race,  based  on  simple  jus- 
tice. These  two  contradictory 
principles  are  contending  for  sur- 
vival. If  Germany  achieves  her 
aim — that  is,  if  Germany  con- 
quers the  world — then  Germany's 
philosophy  of  force  will  be  imposed 
upon  the  world.  The  men,  the 
women,  and  the  children  of  the 
world  will  then  be  governed  by 
the  State  philosophy  that  one 
nation  should  prosper  by  the  labour 
of  the  people  of  another  nation; 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  23 

they  will  be  governed  by  the 
belief  that  this  State,  highly 
adapted  to  conquer  others  by  force, 
should  exercise  that  force  to  the 
advantage  of  themselves  alone. 
They  are  the  wolves — we  the  sheep. 

If  the  German  philosophy  should 
prevail,  and,  after  the  world  had 
become  deluged  in  blood,  broken, 
and  impoverished,  we  should 
awake  to  find  ourselves  a  part  of 
such  a  State,  what  would  happen? 

First,  there  would  be  no  alien 
peoples,  hence  there  would  be  no 
States  left  to  plunder.  Germany's 
Kultur  would  then  be  obliged  to 
earn  its  own  living.  Her  State 
philosophy  would  then  meet  its 
first  fallacy. 

Again,  when  Germany  had  im- 
posed her  will   upon   the   world. 


24  FALLACY   OF 

when  she  had  achieved  her  super- 
Armageddon,  when  she  had 
crushed  to  earth  all  opposition, 
then  she  would  find  herself  without 
foes,  without  rivals.  Without  dan- 
gerous rivals  the  people  of  the 
State  do  not  give  up  their  will  to 
the  State.  A  military  autocracy 
can  be  achieved  only  in  the  face 
of  danger.  Should  Germany  con- 
quer all  her  enemies,  she  would 
no  less  completely  conquer  the 
source  of  her  own  autocratic  power. 
She  would  then  be  in  the  position 
of  a  cancer  that  had  killed  the  body 
on  which  it  fed.  In  what  state, 
then,  would  the  world  find  itself  .^^ 
To  what  previous  cycle  of  history 
would  this  correspond.'*  Force  is 
not  the  source  of  State  power  that 
can  endure;  it  is  raised  only  to  fall. 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  25 

Even  if  Germany  should  conquer 
the  world  by  force,  even  then 
she  would  not  have  proved  her 
philosophy  to  be  right,  for  the  com- 
plete control  of  the  individual  of 
the  State  is  made  possible  only  by 
the  presence  of  powerful  neighbours 
or  of  neighbours  who  are  feared  by 
all  the  people  of  a  State.  In  order 
to  secure  safety  the  individual 
gives  himself  to  the  State.  It  is 
only  a  normally  weaker  State  that 
fears  its  neighbours;  therefore,  a 
Kultur  such  as  the  German  Kultur 
can  arise  only  in  a  State  weaker 
in  resources  and  in  numbers  of 
inhabitants  than  its  rivals.  The 
lesser  State  then  strives  for  its 
permanent  safety  by  destroying 
and  by  conquering  its  neighbour. 
When    attacked    by    the    highly 


26  FALLACY   OF 

organized  State,  the  larger  but 
inefficiently  organized  State  is  then 
subjected  to  the  same  stimulus  to 
development.  The  unorganized 
people  then  become  stronger.  The 
Kultur  State  can  grow  no  stronger; 
hence,  sooner  or  later,  there  will 
tend  to  be  a  balance  of  power 
established  in  favour  of  the  larger 
State. 

We  must  conclude,  therefore, 
that  the  German  philosophers  have 
been  reasoning  from  false  premises. 
This  conclusion  is  supported  not 
only  by  the  tenets  of  religion  and 
biology,  but  by  history  and  by  an 
examination  of  the  sources  of  na- 
tional strength — the  fitness  of  other 
nations.  History  tells  us  that 
attempts  to  rule  by  force  as  against 
justice  have  always  failed,  either 


GERMAN    PHILOSOPHY  27 

by  awakening  the  self-protective 
reactions  in  many  contemporary 
powerful  nations,  or  when  a  people 
have  been  brutalized  into  sub- 
mission by  the  degeneration  of 
both  the  conqueror  and  the  con- 
quered. It  will  follow  that  whether 
the  German  State  wins  or  loses 
this  war,  it  stands  to  lose  ulti- 
mately. 

The  ephemeral  success  of  State 
power  based  on  the  supreme  right 
of  the  State  contrasted  with  the 
lasting  success  of  moral  power 
based  on  the  rights  of  the  in- 
dividual, as  exemplified  by  the 
long  reign  of  religions  and  of 
moral  codes,  is  one  of  the  out- 
standing facts  of  history.  I  The 
greatest  source  of  power  is  that 
which   comes   spontaneously   and 


28  FALLACY   OF 

justly  from  the  individual;  that 
which  requires  a  minimum  of  State 
power  for  its  mobilization.  The 
least  source  of  power  is  that  which 
is  compelled  by  the  State,  because 
from  the  power  of  the  individual 
must  be  subtracted  the  effort  of 
the  State  to  extract  that  power. 
The  net  result,  therefore,  is  less 
under  coercion  than  under  volun- 
tary performance^ 

Viewed  in  this  light,  one  may 
readily  understand  why  the  State 
philosophy  of  Germany  has  failed 
as  a  colonizer  and  why,  with  their 
opposing  individualistic  philos- 
ophy, the  liberal  powers  succeed 
as  colonizers.  Formal  submission 
may  be  compelled,  but  the  seeds 
of  discord  grow  in  the  damp 
shade  of  hate. 


GERMAN   PHILOSOPHY  29 

A  short  cycle  of  success  with 
maximum  mihappiness  may  be 
achieved  by  a  State  through  the 
exercise  of  sheer  force.  The  longer 
cycles  of  success  with  the  maximum 
of  happiness  have  been  and  prob- 
ably will  be  secured  by  a  State 
through  the  philosophy  of  the 
individual  as  expressed  by  religion 
and  by  moral  codes.  If  the  Allies 
fail  in  the  history  of  to-day  they 
will  succeed  in  the  history  of  to- 
morrow. K  Germany  succeeds  in 
the  history  of  to-day,  Germany 
will  fail  in  the  history  of  to- 
morrow. Rather  than  share  the 
common  fate  of  passing  through 
a  stunting  cycle  of  disintegration 
following  a  present  German  suc- 
cess, it  were  better  that  we  all  now 
perish  gloriously  on  the  battlefield. 


30  FALLACY   OF 

In  spite  of  the  fallacy  of  the 
German  philosophers,  they  have, 
nevertheless,  established  in  the 
German  people  action  patterns  of 
such  surpassing  strength  that  the 
organized  intelligence  of  the  Ger- 
man people  is  our  greatest  menace. 
In  fact,  the  present  war  is  a  con- 
test of  ideas  rather  than  of  men. 
In  its  broadest  sense,  it  is  the 
practical  application  of  physics, 
chemistry,  and  biology  in  a 
mass  struggle  for  the  existence  of 
nations. 

The  battle  itself  is  the  applied 
science  of  killing;  survival  is  the 
result  of  knowledge  supplied  by  a 
nation.  Therefore  it  would  appear 
that  those  who  plan  methods  of 
destruction  through  the  use  of 
physical  and  chemical  forces  will 


GERMAN   PHILOSOPHY  31 

profit  by  the  viewpoint  of  those 
who  have  special  knowledge  of  the 
eflfects  of  those  forces  on  man  and 
other  animals,  viz.:  men  with  an 
expert  working  knowledge  of  phys- 
ics, chemistry,  and  biology. 

Research  and  medicine  and  biol- 
ogy should  not  be  limited  to 
saving  and  repairing  the  wreckage, 
but  should  be  directed  also  toward 
methods  of  killing  the  enemy.  To 
accomplish  these  ends  a  cohesion 
of  scientific  talents  is  essential. 
It  is  because  Germany  has  so  long 
commandeered  the  talents  of  her 
universities  and  the  intellect  of 
her  nation  and  provided  the  best 
intellects  of  her  nation  with  every 
facility  and  a  forced  draft  to  pro- 
duce ideas  that  the  menace  of  Ger- 
many is  her  organized  intelligence. 


32  GERMAN   PHILOSOPHY 

If  we  expect  to  win  we  too  must 
meet  discovery  with  discovery;  we 
too  must  meet  loss  with  greater 
sacrifice;  we  too  must  concentrate 
our  business  talent,  our  engineering 
talent,  our  medical  talent — all  our 
talents  on  our  intellectual  battle 
line.  Our  universities  and  our 
laboratories  must  become  our  first- 
line  trenches.  Our  universities 
must  constitute  the  foundation 
of  our  national  defense — our 
schools  must  become  the  expo- 
nents of  our  creed  of  liberty. 


THE  COUNTRY  LIFE  PRESS 
GAEDEN  CITY,  N.  Y. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 


LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


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RECD  LD 

MAY  2  7  1959 

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j/ 

LD  21A-50to-9,'58 
(6889sl0)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


